Collected Works ✏️ Vancouver

Rivers of Time 

✏️

The exam is at 8 AM and it’s now 2 AM. My pen hand is twitching just thinking about it. English 440: The Foundations of Western Literature. The course was taught by Dr. Virgil Kennedy Rexroth. Old Rex. A dinosaur if ever there was one. The Foundations of Western Literature. It’s one of those topics that sounds manageable at first. Solid, with pillars like the Parthenon or Solomon’s Temple. But is there enough ink in my pen to cover such a topic? Where does it even start, and where on earth does it end? You find a container to fit it in, and it spills over the brim.

Old Rex started the course with “the epic journeys of Western Culture,” by which he meant the journey of Moses in The Bible and the journeys of Achilles and Odysseus in The Iliad & Odyssey. To me, it seemed a bit odd to start a literature course with The Bible, given that it’s mostly about religion. Yet Old Rex said he was a trailblazer. He refused to be boxed in by convention. He even said, “There is no star to my wandering bark. It wanders everywhere!”

He looked out the classroom window as he said this, as if he was on the deck of a Greek trireme heading into a storm Poseidon had whipped up just for him. From the top floor of the Buchanon Building, he could make out a stretch of the Georgia Strait in the distance. It was the Strait of Ithaka leading to the Ionian Sea. He was Odysseus, riding the waves to new lands.

He could face any temptation, overcome any foe. The sirens were nothing. A bit of a song. Some sharp and nagging words. Nothing could stop him from sailing between the rocks.

Or he was Achilles, leaving his home and his mother behind him, riding the Aegean waves to the city of Troy. On the deck of the ship his mighty loins glistened like the loins of Brad Pitt. His curly locks danced in the salty air. He looked over at his dear cousin Patroclus, his blood eager for adventure.

Old Rex often acted out dramatic Greek scenes in which he was the protagonist. Or he would have a Socratic dialogue, playing the parts of both Plato and his student Heraclides.

On this first day of class, after several adventures on the high seas of the Aegean, he ended with the following words: “I have arrived at the peroration, the closing remarks. En syntomía, in brief, the Greeks and the Hebrews invented everything. This is why we start our journey with the Greeks, from the Trojan War at the dawn of Greek time to the Peloponnesian War at dusk. Yet we also start with the epic struggles of the Jewish patriarchs, from Exile to Exodus to Promised Land. Together these two cultures gave us everything — politics and war, poetry and drama, love and loyalty, temptation and adventure, sin and suffering, paganism and monotheism, reconciliation and redemption. Everything begins with the fusion of these two great traditions. May they lead us safely across the jagged seas!”

✏️

Old Rex was pleased with his performance, although when he turned from the window and saw the benumbed look on the faces of his students, he shuffled his feet and didn’t quite know what to add. He felt naked. He regretted not keeping his jacket on, with its collar mounting firmly to the chin, perfectly fitted over his fine white cotton shirt with its necktie, rich and modest, held in place by a simple pin. Now he felt the cotton shirt, with its fine fabric, was too thin, even transparent. Could the students see right through it, with their surly X-Ray vision, to his skinny arms?

Old Rex felt like Achilles when he was on the island of Skyros, waiting for his mother to cast a magic robe over his bare shoulders. He looked again out the window, and saw birds swooping this way and that through the trees that mostly blocked his view of the Georgia Strait. He recalled an episode from The Achilleid, written by the Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius. In this episode, the goddess Thetis (the mother of Achilles) hides her son among the princesses of Skyros. Wisely, Thetis helps him with the finer points of acting like a lady:

[Achilles] blushes for joy, and with sly and sidelong glance repels the [maiden] robes less certainly. His mother sees him in doubt and willing to be compelled, and casts the raiment o’er him; then she softens his stalwart neck and bows his strong shoulders, and relaxes the muscles of his arms, and tames and orders duly his uncombed tresses, and sets her own necklace about the neck she loves; then keeping his step within the embroidered skirt she teaches him gait and motion and modesty of speech. […] Nor did she struggle long; for plenteous charm remains to him though his manhood brook it not, and he baffles beholders by the puzzle of his sex that by a narrow margin hides its secret.

The [king of Skyros] receives the disguised Achilles by his mother’s ruse – who can resist when gods deceive? Nay more, he venerates her with a suppliant’s hand, and gives thanks that he was chosen; nor is the band of duteous Skyrian maidens slow to dart keen glances at the face of their new comrade, how she o’ertops them by head and neck, how broad her expanse of breast and shoulders; then they invite her to join the dance and approach the holy rites, and make room for her in their ranks and rejoice to be near her. Just as Idalian birds, cleaving the soft clouds and long since gathered in the sky or in their homes, if a strange bird from some distant region has joined them wing to wing, are at first all filled with amaze and fear; then nearer and nearer they fly, and while yet in the air have made him one of them and hover joyfully around with favouring beat of pinions and lead him to their lofty resting-places. (Achilleid Book I)

✏️

Within the rank and file of student resistance, green-eyed Juniper had cleared her throat several times to get Old Rex’s attention. This was her tracheal warning signal, the first few notes of a siren song that Odysseus was determined not to hear. Besides, Old Rex was sailing through the air with the Idalian birds, and never paid attention to the feminine sex. He often said to himself, What were they on about? Whining and bleeding, what was their point?

And so the classroom behind him seemed deathly silent. On the horizon he saw the clouds tossed by winds. The Idalian birds sought shelter in the trees. He launched his trireme once more into the choppy water. And yet behind him, breaking the eery hush of the dark sky, he heard the voice of his star pupil, the green-eyed Juniper. Her voice broke the silence, and cracked like thunder the white and incandescent room.

“So, are you saying that the matriarchy of the Minoans, the goddess Ishtar who later became Aphrodite, the Sumerians with their numbers and letters, and the Hittites with their iron ore — that all of these had nothing to do with it?”

Old Rex turned from the window to face the class. The land was scattered with trees and grass, and a herd of Triceratops was grubbing for bulbs. He just stood there, his jaw clamped tightly to his head.

This wasn’t how his first lecture was supposed to end. In his mind he had accomplished a cross-dressing triumph, his manhood intact, and sailed from the effeminate chambers of the Skyrian maidens to the battle field of Troy. Having slaughtered several dozen Trojans, he was now attending to his dear cousin Patroclus, who had been wounded in the arm. He bent down to bandage it, and to slather a balm of honey and resin over his sweet limbs and organs.

He applied the translucent balm to Patroclus’ loins, and worked it into his flowery curls and up and down the stem. On the Elysian Fields, the bulbs were sprouting from the grass, laden with the stamens of blossoming joy and with the fragrance of the cloved and clovered earth. In the fingers of the rosy dawn, Old Rex saw the veins of the long purples, the sweet sap rising from the shafts and bursting into — and then came Juniper’s voice. He thought to himself, Had she even asked a question? Or was it an accusation?

✏️

Juniper’s words in class make me wonder why Old Rex started his course with The Iliad and The Bible. Why didn’t he start with the Minoans and the Mesopotamians, if he was intent on beginning in Greece and the Middle East? Why didn’t he begin at the beginning, with The Story of Sinuhe and Gilgamesh? These two stories are the earliest works of literature in the world, and neither is alien to Moses or Homer. The Story of Sinuhe is about an Egyptian exile who becomes powerful in Syria, yet yearns to return to Egypt. Like Moses, but in reverse… Gilgamesh is the first epic in the world, and has much in common with the Iliad & Odyssey: political struggle, war, love entanglements, the meddling of gods, the death of a brother-in-arms which leads to a mental breakdown, a watery journey to the afterlife, etc. The love between Gilgamesh and Enkikdu (his brother-in-arms) is also the same bum-slapping homoerotic love we find between Achilles and Patroclus. And to top it all off, Gilgamesh also has within it the original story of Noah’s Ark. Wouldn’t it make more sense to start the course with Gilgamesh? What could be more foundational than the civilization that invented numbers, writing, and the epic?

Eight months later Old Rex ended the course in the 1920s with The Wasteland and A Passage to India. Yet by that time I’d already jumped 60 years ahead, and was halfway through Midnight’s Children and Mad Men. I’d had enough of starting dates and ending dates. Like E.M. Forster, I was sick and tired of what Forster called “fiction by periods” and “that demon of chronology.” Why was Old Rex boxing us in?

I had no choice. At the end of the last class I handed in my final paper:

Forster’s River of Time

The author of A Passage to India says that we shouldn’t see writers as products of time periods, but as artists

at work together in a circular room. I shall not mention their names until we have heard their words, because a name brings associations with it, dates, gossip, all the furniture of the method we are discarding. (Aspects of the Novel, 1927)

Forster also says, “we cannot consider fiction by periods, we must not contemplate the stream of time.” In a later chapter he even evinces an antagonism to the sequences of time that make up every story:

The life in time its so obviously base and inferior that the question naturally occurs: cannot the novelist abolish it from his work, even as a mystic asserts he has abolished it from his experience, and install its radiant alternative alone?

Forster is writing strategically here, for on the next page he admits that “time-sequence cannot be destroyed without carrying in its ruin all that should have taken its place; the novel that would express values only becomes unintelligible and therefore valueless.”

He writes playfully when he rejects looking at literature according to time period, yet for the sake of argument let’s take him at his word. Let’s look at this “stream of time,” as it goes from Babylon and Jerusalem to Athens, from Athens to Rome, and from Rome to Paris and London. Let’s look at its sources of mountain rain and aquifer, at its slow meander and its violent rapids, at its merging and diverging, and at its final flow into lake, delta, and ocean. Contemplating the stream of time in this way allows us to consider fiction by periods without being boxed in. The river is an extremely helpful metaphor and periods of time are all we’ve got.

❧

Before stepping into my argument, I’d like to take a quick side-trip into Forster’s subtle comedy of circular rooms and furniture. What exactly does the author of A Passage to India mean by “the furniture of the method we are discarding”? What is “the method” which employs furniture? Is this method the way furniture is designed, or is it the way furniture matches the design of the room? Are we to match the chairs with the portal and balustrade (if the room indeed has a portal and a balustrade)? If this is the case, we need to know if the chairs are made of wood or iron. Are they lacquered or painted, curved or straight? Is the room really circular, or was that just a fictional room, one we speculate about while we sit in a real chair in a real room, which 99 times out of 100 is square? And if Forster is determined to discard the furniture, will we be left to write sitting on the floor?

What does Forster have against furniture, anyway? Is he thinking about Danish tables or Ikea recliners? Does he have something against Danes and Swedes? Given his shameless Indophilia, perhaps he would prefer to sit in a sedan chair, like Bahadur Shah II:

Or perhaps he’d feel more comfortable (less like an Angrez sahib) in a more humble sedan chair in a less famous princely state…

I suspect Forster would be happy in this sedan chair, having flown with the Idalian birds in yet another passage across the Aegean to India. He’d no longer shudder at the thought of Bloomsbury coffee spoons, or at the sight of eyes that fix him in a formulated phrase. He’d no longer find himself formulated, sprawling on a pin, and wriggling on the wall.

Even though the Amritsar Massacre of 1919 was only a few years ago, Forster would still feel like he was back in his element, a sympathetic sahib carried through the streets by dark and muscled men, ready to take on the British Raj and all the tight-assed rules of their club.

The bearers of his sedan chair turn right, go down a back alley, along an old fort wall and into a private entrance. They then carry him, sans sedan, up to the Maharaja’s chamber overlooking the dazzling city of Agrabah…

But are sedan chairs really furniture? Or are they some type of transportation vehicle?

❧

The further back in time we go, and the further afield we roam, the more we’re tempted to go further. Not to find something strange and alien, but to test Forster’s notion that writers transcend time and place; to see if they do in fact write in the same room — rather than, say, a condo in 2025, an Indian sedan in 1921, an attic in 1601, and 1001 locations upstream in times past.

While Forster may be correct when he says that writers “work together in the same circular room,” his comments about rivers and time-periods are harder to believe. One moment he says “we must not contemplate the stream of time” and the next he contemplates the applicability of different time-frames:

Four thousand, fourteen thousand years might give us pause, but four hundred years is nothing in the life of our race, and does not allow room for any measurable change.

He then supplies detailed examples of how writers change very little from century to century. And yet in doing this he misses two crucial points: 1. the closer we get to the present, the more radical the change; 2. the further back we go in time, the more we see the most enduring changes. 400 years ago people had no clue about laws of gravity, galaxies, or quantum fields. In 1821 Keats died of tuberculosis, which back then was supposedly caused by masturbation and cured by leeches. If we go back 4000 years to Mesopotamia we find similar misconceptions, yet we also find the invention of numbers and letters, legal systems and organized warfare, religious systems and astronomy. We see how deeply the Ancient past has become part of our present lives.

Mesopotamia and its cuneiform script are why I type this paper, right now. Fingers over keyboard, I imagine that somewhere in Forster’s circular room a scribe is getting out his moist clay tablet and making cuneiform strokes with his stylus, writing about the rivers of time.

What unites us is far older than 14,000 years. Whether our past is in broken tablets or fragments of dinosaur bones, it still comes from the same ancient DNA. It’s all around us, deep in our bones and up in the sky, with the birds whose light bones retain the largest share of the ancient genetic codes of Crocodylia and Tyrannosaurus Rex. How much more then do we share with the first great civilizations of Sumer and Akkad!

Although The Epic of Gilgamesh began in the 3rd millennium BC and reached its classic form by around 1200 BC, we already see in it our own ideas about justice, myth, iconoclasm, civilization, love, jealousy, honour, war, rebellion, angst, existentialism, and the afterlife. If the word Classical means what creates the foundations of civilization, then Gilgamesh is both an Ancient World text and a Classical text par excellence.

The clay tablets of Mesopotamia were illegible for at least two thousand years, from several centuries before Christ to the 19th Century. The civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria thus became the underground rivers of our past. In some ways this is similar to the way that the Saraswati River was home to the Vedic poets in India, yet today the river is nowhere to be seen. To Hindus however the river flows underground and then surfaces at Prayagraj, where it meets the Yamuna and the Ganges. The river is identified with the Saraswati, Goddess of the Written Arts.

In a more tangible form, the clay tablets of Mesopotamia resurfaced in the 19th century. They spoke with a fantastical eloquence after two thousand years. The eloquence was also explosive when George Smith first read the passages of Gilgamesh to the Royal Society in 1872. The passage came from the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, and was about a man called Utnapishtim, who was told by a god that the world was about to be destroyed by flood. Utnapishtim built an ark, so many cubits by so many cubits, waited till the rain and the god’s anger had subsided, send out a bird, land on a mountain, praise the powers that be, etc. You know the story.

Before Noah was Utnapishtim, and before clay tablets was the spoken word, human sound, gesture, and the song of birds. Going back far enough we find our old friend Tyrannosaurus Rex, who proves to us, with his very bones nestled in stone and dust, the deeply-coded reality of our evolution. Amino acids became strands, neurons became mental and physical capabilities. Then a great disruption occurred. Cataclysm and extinction for Old Rex. But the species that survived continued to evolve. Eventually, the same encoded DNA created an upwardly mobile species with larger brains and wattle homes and irrigation channels, temples and libraries, senate chambers and space ships.

Old Rex shows us that we’re not just mortal as individuals, but also as a species. We’re here one period of a hundred million years, and gone the next. Forster admits as much in Chapter 14 of A Passage to India. He notes that the traditional myths we ascribe to the world (which I hasten to add appear between 400 and 4000 years ago!) are relatively new, compared to changing riverbeds:

The Ganges, though flowing from the foot of Vishnu and through Siva’s hair, is not an ancient stream. Geology, looking further than religion, knows of a time when neither the river nor the Himalayas that nourished it existed, and an ocean flowed over the holy places of Hindustan.

Forster may be right about the community of writers. He may even be right that writers transcend their own time period. But this doesn’t mean that time periods aren’t helpful. If we see a time period as a box, separate from the boxes beside it, then a time period confines. Yet if we see a time period as a portion of a river, then we have a hard time keeping the water in the box.

❧

Rivers and time periods aren’t the problem; fixed views of them are. We can see a particular river as sacred — the Bible’s Jordan, Rome’s Tiber, or the Hindu’s Ganges — but we don’t need to be blind to all others. We can imagine that rivers mean the same abstract things: the inspiration of the artist on the banks of the Tiber or Saraswati; the flow of time past Babylon or London, the constant change of Heraclitus or Buddha.

We can look at the river as a hydrologist, seeing its sources, its present constituents, and its destination. We can look at the river as a botanist, noting that one stretch is mired in mangrove roots and sea water while another bakes in the hot desert air. Another is surrounded by hill and mountain, while yet another has disappeared in the underground of the hydrologist and his water tables.

We can look at the river like Mark Twain’s river pilot on the Mississippi, who sees ripples as signs of underwater danger: rocks and snags we need to steer clear of if we are to safeguard the lives of the passengers, who overlook the hazards of the ripple. The passengers see the ripples as gold and pink in the sunset, all the while wondering what’s for dinner.

Moreover, it’s natural for us to think in terms of specific periods of time. Time periods may be arbitrary, but so are we. We are born in one year and we die in another. The more we look into this brief timeline, the more we see it as arbitrary, open to interpretation, ultimately mysterious. What determines the two points? Destiny and the astrology of stars? Previous actions tossed into the recycling bin of reincarnation? Blind causes and effects of Nature and survival? An individualized personal Plan devised by an omniscient God? Who knows? And yet we do know one thing: everything that we experience lies between the point of our birth and the point of our death. Everything else is for everybody else to determine.

❧

In examining the foundations of Western Literature it’s best to keep periods elastic, and its best to follow the rivers to their sources underground. Going backward in the letters of time, we reach a point where the river seems to disappear: the texts that we can see are in Phoenician or Aramaic, Hebrew or Greek. The ones we can’t read are in broken clay tablets, in a cuneiform script that dominated the civilized world for three thousand years yet are now alien to most of us. They have become illegible to our human brains and invisible to our naked eyes.

Yet the hydrologist knows the source is there, as does the archaeologist and the philologist. They know that our DNA and our instincts come from reptiles and apes. They know that much of our present world, including our Western literature and religion, comes from Nineveh, Babylon, and Uruk. They know that The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Code of Hammurabi run deeper than the new-fangled stories and laws of Abraham and his tribe.

While we may have been brought up to believe that the Bible is inextricably wedded to our cultural identity, I’d argue that the Virgin Mother of God is stranger to us than Ishtar, with her seductions and jealousies. Abraham and Moses are stranger to us than Gilgamesh, with his egotism and lust, his desire for power and glory, and his angst at the realization that there’s no afterlife world in which he’ll reunite with his beloved Enkidu. In contrast, how many of us live our lives like a Jewish patriarch, negotiating our collective contract with God? How often do we worry about a promised land for our tribe? When we’re hungry, do we worry about what and when we’re supposed to eat? When we want to buy an iPhone or a new car, do we worry about the Golden Calf?

The idea that Western Literature starts in Greece is a convenient one to be sure. Greece is the meeting place of 1. Paul’s Christianity and 2. the literature and civilizations of Homer, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, and Aurelius. It’s perhaps no coincidence that the clearest articulation of Christian theology appears in the chapter of the Bible called “Romans.”

But this is a bizarre take on the foundations of Western culture. Wouldn’t it make more sense to start with the Mesopotamian invention of numbers, mathematics, and writing, with the earliest epic Gilgamesh, and with the Mesopotamian city-states that gave birth to complex trade, civic organization, organized religion, legal codes, warfare, etc.?

❧

The past, which no one owns, makes us what we are. It’s all a historical line, a river in time, whether of intellectual argument or practical life. To us, the river seems to move westward and northward, then the power of numbers and letters presses southward and eastward, back to its deepest origins. For literature, as for each of us, the argument is detailed and complex. Yet for everyone it goes from alpha to omega, from the beginning to the end. From where we start to where we end, whether in folded diapers or paper folio. With the proviso that for literature — deathless in clay, paper or screen — there is in fact no beginning and no end.

✏️

Next:✏️ The Subterranean Examination Blues

Back to Top

Contents - Characters - Glossary: A-F∙G-Z - Maps - Storylines✏️